Table 2 ), while panel ( C ) shows temporal activation patterns across normalized movement cycle (0-100%). Shaded areas represent standard error ( n = 20 participants). " width="100%" height="100%">
Journal: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
Article Title: Muscle synergy analysis during badminton forehand overhead smash: integrating electromyography and musculoskeletal modeling
doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1596670
Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of (A) synergy weight vectors and (B) activation coefficients between EMG (blue) and musculoskeletal model (red) during BFOS. Three distinct functional synergies were identified: Synergy 1 (trapezius-dominant for scapular stabilization during preparation and early acceleration), Synergy 2 (pectoralis/anterior deltoid for shoulder flexion/internal rotation during late acceleration and impact), and Synergy 3 (posterior shoulder muscles for extension/external rotation during follow-through). The x -axis in panel A represents muscle weights ranging from 0-1 for each muscle (abbreviations defined in Table 2 ), while panel ( C ) shows temporal activation patterns across normalized movement cycle (0-100%). Shaded areas represent standard error ( n = 20 participants).
Article Snippet: The computational framework employed the Wu upper extremity musculoskeletal model ( ) implemented in OpenSim (version 4.5), incorporating three degrees of freedom at the scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joints.
Techniques: Comparison, Activation Assay, Functional Assay, Muscles